动词,被动语态部分

动词概述

表示人或物的动作或状态的词称为动词，动词是英语词类中最重要、最复杂的一种。考生在全面掌握该部分基础知识的前提下，重点掌握以下内容： 1.动词的分类 2.动词的基本形式 3.动词的时态及语态 4.虚拟语气和非谓语动词

Ⅰ、动词的分类

动词按其在句中所充当的句子成分分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。

一、谓语动词：用于谓语中的动词称为谓语动词，按照其能否作谓语，谓语动词可分为两类：

1.能作谓语的动词称为完全动词，即实义动词。

2.不能作谓语的动词称为不完全动词，包括：连系动词、情态动词、助动词。 (一)实义动词

1.实义动词（又称行为动词）可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）。及物动词后必须跟宾语意义才完整；不及物动词本身意义完整，不可直接跟宾语，不能用于被动语态。如： We read English aloud every morning.（我们每天早上都朗读英语。） （及物动词）

How did the traffic accident happen? （交通事故是如何发生的？） （不及物动词）

注：①实义动词大多可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词，有些意义相差不大，有些意义有显著差异。例如：

Can you smell gas? (你能闻到煤气味吗？) （vt.闻到，嗅到） The flowers smell sweet. (花朵散发芳香。) （vi.散发气味） You’d better wash that cut with iodine. (你最好用碘酒清洗伤口。) （vt.清洗）

Does this coat wash well? （这件外套耐洗吗？）（vi．好洗，经洗） I'll sell this house. （我要出售这间房屋。）（vt.出售） Is the book selling well? （这本书畅销吗？）（vi．出售，销售） Have you proposed to her? (你向她求婚了吗？) ( vi．) He proposed another meeting. (他建议另开一次会议。) (vt.) ②下面这几个及物动词常被误用为不及物动词，应特别注意。例如： I hate dressing my younger brother.（我讨厌为我弟弟穿衣服。） (dress为及物动词，不能用dressing for my younger brother) I married Mary ten years ago.（10年前我和玛丽结了婚。） （marry为及物动词，不可用married with ）

Lei Feng served the people heart and soul.（雷锋全心金意地为人民服务。）(serve为及物动词，不能说served for the people)

③也有一些不及物动词常被误当成及物动词。例如：

I arrived at the railway station just in time to catch the train. （我到达火车站时刚好来得及赶上火车。）（arrive为不及物动词，介词at不可少） I enjoy listening to music.（我喜欢听音乐。）

（listen为不及物动词，介词to不可省略）

2.实义动词还可分为持续动词和瞬间动词，前者可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而后者不可以。但瞬间动词的否定式表示该动作没有发生，可视为一种可持续的状态，并可与一段时间状语连用。 They have watched the train leave for five minutes. （watch 是持续性动词） I received his letter yesterday. （receive 是瞬间动词）

How long have you joined the army? （错误：join 是瞬间动词，不能与一段时间 how long 连用） When did you join the army? (正确) How long have you been in the army? (正确)

How long may I borrow the book? （错误：borrow 是瞬间动词，不能与一段时间 how long 连用） How long may I keep the book? (正确)

I haven’t received his letter for almost two months. ( not receive 表示“没有收到”，这一意思可视为一种持续的状态，因此可以和一段时间two months连用。) (二)连系动词

连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能作谓语，必须和表语一起才能构成谓语。

1.表示状态特征。如：be(am，is，are，was，were)，appear 看起来，seem 看起来, look看起来, sound 听起来，smell 闻起来, taste 尝起来 , feel摸起来，remain 仍然是

2.表示变化过程。become 变成，grow 变得，get成为，turn变成，go变得,come变得， prove证明是 连系动词后面的表语可以是形容词、分词、不定式、名词等；如： She looks pale. ( 她看起来脸色苍白。)

She appeared to disagree with what you said (她好像不同意你的意见。) I am tired of sitting there for hours doing nothing． （我讨厌一连几小时坐在那里无所事事。） The cloth feels smooth.（这种布料手感光滑。）

In spite of their quarrel ,they remained the best friends. （尽管他们吵过架，他们仍然是最好的朋友。）

注：be动词是最常见的连系动词，其他的连系动词被称为特殊连系动词。绝大多数特殊连系动词同时又是实义动词。例如：

The soup tastes terrible.（汤的味道很糟糕。）（连系动词） I tasted the soup just now.（我刚才品尝了汤。）（实义动词） The gas is running short. （煤气快用完了。）（连系动词） The car runs fast.（小汽车跑得快。）（实义动词） (三)助动词

助动词无实际意义，只是帮助实义动词构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气或构成否定句及疑问句。助动词必须与主语保持人称和数的一致。主要的助动词有： be( am，is，are，was，were) have( has，had ) do ( does，did )

shall，should，would 等。如：

I was watching an exciting football match at 11 0'clock yesterday evening. （昨晚十一点我在观看一场激动人心的足球赛。）（构成进行时态）

Do work hard （一定要努力学习。）

Smoking is forbidden in the reading room.（阅览室里禁止吸烟。）（构成被动语态）

Do you like reading English novels? （你喜欢看英文小说吗？）（构成疑问句）

Mary does enjoy listening to pop music.（玛丽确实喜欢听流行音乐。）

（构成强调句式）

I have been teaching in Beijing Normal University for five years. （我已经在北京师范大学教了5年书了。）（构成完成进行时态）

Will you come to my birthday party? （你来参加我的生日晚会吗？）（构成将来时态）

If I were offered the opportunity，I would accept it． （如果有人给我这个机会，我就把它抓住。）（构成虚拟语气） (四)情态动词

情态动词表示能力、义务、猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词。其特点有： 1.与动词原形连用，表示说话人对所说话语的态度和看法； 2.没有人称和数的变化； 3.有词义。

常见的情态动词有：

can/cought,may/might,must,shall/should,will/would,need,dare等。 I can speak English. (表示能力)

Must I come early? （我必须早来吗？） （表示请求） Shall he come to see you? （要他来看你吗？）（表示请求）

You should help your mother with the housework. （表示劝告建议） You needn’t think of anything else. （表示需要，用于否定句和疑问句） He dare not go there. （表示情感态度，用于否定句和疑问句） 注：情态动词在本节第五部分有详细阐述。

二、非谓语动词：不充当谓语的动词形式称为非谓语动词，又称非限定动词。包括：不定式、分词（现

在分词和过去分词）、动名词三种，它们在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有时态和语态的变化。如：

Seeing is believing.（眼见为实。）（动名词作主语和表语）

He asked me how to get to the airport.（他问我如何去机场。） （不定式作宾语）

Seen from the space，the earth looks like a huge ball.

（从太空上看，地球像—个巨大的球） 注：非谓语动词在本节第四部分有详细阐述。

短语动词的种类：共有五种不同的短语动词,现例表如下： 构成方法 动词 + 介词 动词 + 副词 动词 + 副词 + 介词 动词 + 名词 + 介词 be + 形容词 + 介词

举例说明

look after 照看 operate on 对„做手术 listen to 听 get up 起床 pick up 拿起 take off 起飞，脱掉 get along with 与„相处 look down upon 看不起 pay attention to 注意 take part in 参加 be worthy of

注：由“动词 + 副词”组成的短语动词，如果其宾语是名词，宾语的位置可在副词之前，也可在副词之后；但如果宾语是代词，其位置只能在副词前。例如： Please look up the word in your dictionary. 或Please look the word up in your dictionary. 或Please look it up in your dictionary. 但不可说Please look up it in your dictionary.

Ⅱ.动词的基本形式

英语动词有四种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词，它们构成不同的时态、语态和语气。

一、规则动词的形式变化

（一）动词的过去式和过去分词的构成分规则和不规则两种。规则动词的过去式和过去分词相同，由原形加-ed构成（见下表）：

构成方式 直接加-ed。 以“e”结尾的加-d。 例 词 call─called want─wanted stay─staved move─moved love─loved provide─provided 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的单词变 try─tried “y”为“i”再加-ed。 以 satisfy─satisfied apply─applied omit─omitted 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅 control─controlled 音字母，双写辅音字母再加 –ed。 plan─planned

(2)现在分词一般由原形加-ing构成，其具体变化规则如下： 构成方式 原形加-ing 例 词 think─thinking go─going fix─fixing 以不发音“e” 结尾的单词去“e” write─writing 加-ing。 move—moving love─loving 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅 put—putting 音字母，双写辅音字母再加–ing。 cut—cutting plan—planning

二、不规则动词的形式变化

（一）不规则动词的过去式和过去分词需要记忆。 （二）动词的现在分词也有个别特殊情况，例如：

die-dying(死，死亡) mimic-mimicking(模仿) lie-lying(说谎，躺) picnic-picnicking(野餐) dye-dyeing (染)

以辅音字母l结尾的词，英式英语中一般双写l再加-ing； 而美式英语中则不双写，例如： travel-travelling(英式)-traveling(美式)．

Exercise 8

I．写出下列动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词

1.arise 2.bite 3.buy 4.choose 5.cut

6.cling 7.draw 8.drink 9.drive 10.dwell 11.fall 12.fight 13.flee 14.forget 15.hang(挂起)

16.hang(绞死) 17.hit 18.lay 19.lie (撒谎) 20.lie（躺）

Ⅱ.用适当的连系动词填空

1.It is___________dark.

2.Will Bridget’s dream______true? 3.Everything has______wrong. 4.He soon______asleep. 5.Please_____ready to start. 6.The girl____red at the words. 7.The cloth_____soft. 8.Our supplies are_____low. 9.The carpet is_____thin.

10.You will soon______accustomed to the climate. 11.When will these payments_____due? 12.How did they_____acquainted? 13.The stone steps have______smooth. 14.The plan doesn’t_____very reasonable. 15.The dish of yours______delicious.

Ⅲ．选择填空

( )1.Janet_____down and soon fell asleep.

A.lied B.lay C.laid D.lain

( )2.He_____himself in sorrow after his son died in an accident. A.hang B.hanged C.is hanged D.hung

( )3.He______to school by bus, but now he goes to school on foot. A.used to going B.used to go C.is used to going D.is used to go ( )4.I______you a happy birthday.

A.hope B.want C.expected D.wish ( )5.How long______he studied English?

A.has B.is C.will D.does ( )6.The police ______ the criminal, but couldn't find him. A.searched B.searched for C.searched of D.searching

( )7.She racked her brains trying to_______the maths problem.

A.work up B.work down C.work out D.work off

( )8.Would you please______to see if it fits you? A.try up this coat B.try this coat up C.try out this coat D.try on this coat

( )9.After all the students were seated, the teacher______the exercise-books.

A.handed in B.handed off C.handed out D.handed over

( )10.The doctor said, \"If you don't_______smoking excessively, you will never come back to

health.\"

A.give off B.give out C.give in D．give up

( )11.Lei Feng_______a good example for all of us. A.did B.took C.make D．set ( )12.Would you please_______us a few minutes?

A.spend B.save C.spare D.share ( )13.When we______to the village, it was very late.

A.arrived B．reached C.got D.landed

( )14.Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still______the traditional customs.

A.perform B.possess C.observe D.support

( )15.American Indians_______about five percent of the US population.

A.fill up B.bring up C.make up D.set up

( )16.Iam______to hear from you soon.

A.waiting B.looking forward C.expecting D.seeing ( )17.The peasants are busy________the crops now. A.getting in B.getting down

C.getting on D.handing in

( )18.Einstein liked Bose's paper so much that he_____his own work and translated it into

German.

A.gave off B.turned down C．took over D.set aside

( )19.The performance______nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early. A.covered B.reached C.played D.lasted

( )20.I_____ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be

given a fair price for their product.

A.make B.look C.take D.think

Ⅲ、动词时态和语态 一、动词的时态

在英语中，不同时间以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示。

动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态。英语动词的时态共有16种，按成人高考教学大纲要求掌握的只有八种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时，以 do 为例，例表如下： 时态 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时

一般 does;do did

shall/will + do

进行 am/is/are + doinng

was / were + doing had done shall / will be + shall / will + doing

should /would + do would / should +

be doing

成人高考常考动词八种时态：

一般现在时：am, is, are; V原形 （第三人称单数加-s/-es） 一般过去时：was / were; V-ed（不规则动词过去式变化需记忆） 一般将来时：will / shall + V原形

现在进行时：am, is, are + V-ing ( 如：going )

have done have done

完成

完成进行 doing

had been doing shall / will + have been doing have been doing

has / have + done has / have + been

should / would + would / should +

过去进行时：was / were + V-ing ( 如：going ) 现在完成时：has / have + V-过去分词（不规则需记忆） 过去完成时：had + V-过去分词（不规则需记忆） 过去将来时：would / should + V-原形 （一）一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成

一般现在时用动词原形，主语为第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-s或-es。具体变化规则和名词变复数基本一致。be 和 have 在人称和数上应按自己的变化规则与主语保持一致。 2.一般现在时的基本用法

(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态。常和often, sometimes, usually, once a week, every week，on Saturdays，always等连用。例如： I go to the cinema once a week.（我一周看一次电影。）

He writes to his parents once a month. (他每月给父母写一封信。 ) We are busy preparing for our exams（我们忙于为考试做准备） Three fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water． （地球表面有四分之三被水覆盖。） (2)表示主语的特征、能力和性格等。例如：

All over the world men and women, boys and girls enjoy sports. （全世界男女老少都喜爱运动。）

He is a man of few words.（他是个少言寡语的人。） She drinks and smokes．（她既抽烟又喝酒。） (3)表示客观真理、普遍事实，也用于格言中。例如：

Light travels much faster than sound．（光比声音的传播速度要快得多。） Spring follows winter.（冬天之后是春天。） Water boils at 100℃.（水的沸点是100℃。）

Failure is the mother of success.（失败乃成功之母。） Time and tide wait for no man. （时不待人。）

(4)在由when, before, after, once, until,as soon as, even if，if, unless, whenever, however,whatever, whoever等引导的时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如：

If it snows tomorrow, we'll put off the sports meet until next week． （如果明天下雪，我们将把运动会推迟到下周举行。） I'll tell her the truth as soon as I see her． （我一见到她就会把告诉她。）

When you meet him, tell him to come to my place.

(5)时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, beging, come 等动词。如： The plean takes off at 15:05. ( 飞机15:05 起飞。)

The meeting begins at three in the afternoon.（会议下午三点开始。） The train leaves at ten in the evening.（火车晚上10点钟发车。） (6)用于舞台说明、实况报道等。例如：

Now，look the star goals.（瞧，球星进球了。）

Chairman Hu Jintao gets a rousing welcome in Moscow.（在莫斯科受到热烈欢迎。） Hamlet appears.（哈姆雷特上场了。）

（二）现在进行时 1.现在进行时的构成

现在进行时由“be(am is，are)+现在分词”构成。 2.现在进行时的基本用法

(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作。例如：

The children are singing a fine song.（儿童们正在唱一首动听的歌。） The kettle is boiling. Please make tea at once．（水开了。请立刻泡茶。） (2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：

I am teaching English at college.（我目前在大学里教英语。）

Scientists are trying to find new ways of treating cancer patients． （科学家正在寻找治疗癌症患者的新方法。）

(3)少数动词如 come，go，leave, stay, start, arrive, give, take, meet, die,dine(进餐), return, stop等的现在进行时，可以表示预计即将发生的动作。如：

My sister is returning at two this afternoon.（我姐姐今天下午2点回来。） I am meeting the new manager next week．（下周我要和新经理见面。）

(4)表示反复发生或习惯性的动作，常表示不满、抱怨或赞赏等情感。常和always，constantly，continually, all the time, forever 等副词连用。例如: Benjamin is always asking such silly questions. （本杰明总是问这样的傻问题。）（表示厌烦）

He is usually leaving things about. （他总是丢三落四。） She is always finding fault with others.（她总是挑别人的毛病。） (5)wonder，hope，want等少数动词的进行时表示婉转语气。例如： I am wondering if I may use your bike.（我可以用您的自行车吗？） I am hoping that you'll give me a hand.（我希望你能帮我一下。）

注：表示人的精神活动、感觉、意志、情绪、拥有关系的动词一般不用于进行时态，常见的这类动词有：understand,remember,wonder,cost,resemble,exist,mind,fear,hate,like, love,want,know,believe,forget,recognize,respect,seem,consist等。 3.现在进行时和一般现在时用法比较： (1)现在进行时：

①表示此时或现阶段正在进行的动作。 ②表示某时或某段时间所进行的具体动作。 ③表短时间。 (2)一般现在时：

①表示习惯性、经常性的动作或状态。 ②表示固有的特征、能力等。 ③表示长时间。如：

They are working in the fields now.（正在进行） They often work in the fields. （经常性） He is writing a letter in English.（正在写） She writes a letter in English. （表示能力） He is living in Shanghai. （暂时性） He lives in Shanghai. （长久居住） （三）现在完成时 1.现在完成时的构成

现在完成时由“have( has) + 过去分词”构成。 2.现在完成时的基本用法

(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作，往往具有因果关系。所以它不能和表示具体的过去时间状语（如yesterday, last year, in 2008等）连用，而常和以下表示不确定的时间状语或表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：yet,already, before, recently, never, often ,lately, sometimes, twice, this week( month, morning, year等)，ever today, once, in the past few years (在过去这几年)，since then, up to/till now,so far 等。例如：

China has already made great progress in science and technology.（中国在科技方面已经取得了巨大进步。）

I haven't heard from my parents recently.（最近我没有收到父母的来信。）（近来包括现在） Thousands of miles of good roads have joined town and country.

I have never seen such a moving film.（我从来没看过这么感人的电影。）

Have you been to the chemist’s this morning? （你今天上午去过药房吗？） (现在仍然是今天上

午)

(2)表示动作或状态开始于过去某一时间，持续到现在，并且有延续下去的趋势。常和某些带有延续意义的状语连用：since，for a long time，up till now，up to now，so far; for the past( last) few years，these days( months，years)等。例如：

Up till now，Grace has received no news from her parents. （迄今为止，格雷丝尚未收到她父母的消息。）

Nancy has been away for four years.（南希已经离开4年了。）

We have been good friends since our middle school days.（从中学时期起，我们就是好朋友。） He has lived in America since 1960.（从1960年开始他就一直住在美国。）

注：①瞬间性动词（如：marry, die, leave等）在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。但可以改成相应的延续性动词或It is / has been + 时间 + since + 一般过去时的句子结构。如： 我收到他的信已经两天了。

不能说：I have received his letter for two days. 应该说：I received his letter two days ago. 或者：I have had his letter for two days. 或者：It is two days since I received his letter. 他的祖父去世好几年了。

不能说：His grandfather has died for several years. 应该说：His grandfather has been dead for several years. 或者：His grandfather died several years ago.

或者：It is/ has been several years since his grandfather died. ②此类动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：

I haven’t received his letter for a long time.（我很久没收到他的来信了。） 附：巧记10个瞬间性动词：“开始离去，借来还，出生入死，买到家” 分别为 begin,leave,go borrow, come, return, born,die, buy, arrive。

(3)在时间状语和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示在将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。如： I'll start as soon as the rain has stopped.（雨一停，我就出发。） When I have studied the book I'll write a report on it． （我研读完这本书之后，将写一个关于它的报告。）

If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.（如果你在我离开之前读完了这本书，请把它借给我。）

(4)现在完成时也可用于下面句型：

“It is the first( second„)time( day„)„that„” It is the first time I’ve been here.（我是第一次来这儿。）

It is the best film I’ve ever seen.（这是我看过的最好的一部电影。）

注：表示“去过哪里” 要用have( has) been to；表示“到什么地方去了，尚未回来” 用have( has)gone to。例如：

I have been to Paris several times.（我去过巴黎好几次。）（人已回来了） Mary has gone to New York.（玛丽到纽约去了。）（玛丽人在去纽约的路上或在纽约） （四）现在完成进行时 1．现在完成进行时的构成

现在完成进行时由“have(has) + been + 现在分词”构成。 2．现在完成进行时的基本用法

(1)表示动作从过去某时开始一直延续到现在，或有可能继续延续下去。例如： She has been teaching English since she graduated.（她毕业后一直在教英语。）

Grace has been waiting for me for half an hour.（格雷丝已经等我半个小时了。）（动作尚在继续） The satellite has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. （自那时起卫星一直不断地向地球发回信号和照片。）（动作尚在继续）

(2)表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作,常带有感情色彩。例如： She has been saying that many times. (这话她已说了很多遍了。)

My parents have been telling me to work hard since l went to school. （自从我上学之后，我的父母亲不停地告诫我要好好学习。）

I have been waiting for you for two hours. （我已经等你两小时了。）（有责备的口气）

3.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别

(1)现在完成进行时表示动作持续进行的情景，强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时表示动作已经完成，着重结果。

I have been thinking it over. （我一直在反复考虑这件事。） I have thought it over. （我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。） He has read the book. （他读过那本书了。）(已读完)

He has been reading the book. （他一直在读那本书。）（未读完）

(2)状态动词、知觉动词或情感动词如：see, feel, know, love等，不可用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时，如：

I have waited for you for two hours. （我已经等你两个小时了） （说明一个客观事实）

Exercise 9

Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空

1.China’s economic growth momentum______(remain) unchanged despite the present worldwide financial difficulties.

2.Usually, he______(go)and visits his parents once a year.

3.They____(watch) the launching of Shenzhou-7 now.

4.I____(work) in the company for more than two years, I still want to keep it.

5.His father_____(die) for almost one and a half years. 6.The weather_____(get) better and better. 7.The kettle_____(boil). Shall I make tea?

8.George______(get)up at 5 o’clock every day this week to prepare for his examination.

9.He always_____(write) with a special pen just because he likes to be different.

10.What______you______(talk about)? I can’t make head or tail of it. 11.I_____(expect) a visitor.

12.This soup______(taste) better, but I still_____(think)it needs more salt. 13.—How are you_____(feel)? —Yes,I____(feel) better. 14.—The city____(extend) for miles and miles. —Yes, they______(extend) it all the time. 15.—You look exhausted!

—Yes, I_____(play) tennis and I_____(not play) for years, so I’m not used

to it.

16.I_____(know) Mrs. Huggins for years. I____(read) her latest novel, but

I______(not finish) it yet.

17.I_____ (write) an essay since two o’clock.

18.This is the third time you _____ (be)here. What exactly ________ you ______

(come)for now?

19.I _____ (read) your book. (=I haven’t finished it.) 20.I _____ (read)your book. (=I have finished it.)

Ⅱ.选择填空

（ ）1. —When_____leaving for Toronto, Canada?

—We are planning to set out at 10 o’clock. A.are we B.will we C.we will D.we are （ ）2. —Bob must be very wealthy.

—Yes, he____more in one day than I do in a week. A.has been earned B.had earned

C.earns D.has earnings

（ ）3. —Have you handed in your schoolwork yet? —Yes, I have. I guess it_______now.

A.has graded B.is graded C.is being graded D.is grading

（ ）4. The ocean liners that used to cross the Atlantic Ocean now_____in cruise. A.specialize B.have specialized C.specializing D.specialization

（ ）5. Some birds migrate to the south when__________.

A.does winter come B.comes winter

C.winter comes D.winter will come

（ ）6.It______hard now, otherwise we could go out to play.

A.rained B.rains C.is raining D.would rain （ ）7. —When will they leave? —They______very soon.

A.do leave B.are leaving C.have left D.leave

（ ）8. —Anne works very hard. —In fact, I think she______right now.

A.studying B.is studied C.is studying D.studies

（ ）9. She's always________money and forgetting to pay you back. A.borrow B.borrowing

C.borrowed D.been borrowed

（ ）10. I don't like to be disturbed if I________.

A.am working B.was working C.will work D.will be working

（ ）11.—Is there anything wrong? —No. So far I______no trouble. A.have B．had C．have had D.had had

（ ）12. To achieve independence______the goal of many nations since the end of the Second

World War.

A.it has been B.which has been C.has been D.is

（ ）13.—I don't like to travel. —Have you ever________in an airplane.

A.flying B.flew C.flowed D.flown

（ ）14.—John got an A in Chemistry. —I_____that he is very bright.

A.have heard B.will have heard C.was heard D.am hearing

（ ）15. Don't smoke until the plane_______off.

A.takes B.took C.has taken D.had taken

（ ）16. The complex relationship between poet and poem _______ a primary concern of

psychoanalytical critics in recent years.

A.being B.have C.has been D.is having

（ ）17. Since calculators were introduced, they ______ to be useful tools for people weak

in maths.

A.proved B.will prove C.have proved D.are proving

（ ）18.—Are any of the guests here? —Yes. Two people________． A.are already arrived B.already arrive C.have already arrived D.are arrived already

（ ）19.Ted_______to find a new apartment for some time.

A.was tried B.goes to try C.has been trying D.is trying

（ ）20. Even though they______for 20 years, the two neighbors are not very friendly. A.having been lived side by side B.had been living side by side C.having been living side by side D.have been living side by sid （五）一般过去时 1.一般过去时的构成

一般过去时的谓语用动词的过去式，be 的过去式为was、were。 2.一般过去时的基本用法

(1)表示在过去某个时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系，常和表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday, last week( month, year),at that time, in the 18th century, two years ago, just now 以及 when, if 等连词引导的状语从句连用。例如：

In the early 1930s，the Japanese invaded the Northeastern China. （20世纪30年代初，日本人侵略了中国东北。）

I saw him when he came in. （他进来时我看见他了。） Where were you just now?（你刚才在哪里？）

(2)表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态，与现在没有关系。例如： I went swimming every afternoon in summer when l was in the country. （在乡下的时候，我每个夏日午后都要去游泳。）

I often read English aloud in the morning when l was a student. （我还是学生的时候，常在早上朗读英语。）

注：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，也可用“would + 动词原形” 和 “used to + 动词原形”来表示，但“used to + 动词原形”强调“过去常常做，而现在不做了”。例如： When I visited my uncle，he would give me some pocket money. （我去看望叔父时，他总是给我一些零花钱。） He used to smoke a lot.（他过去抽烟很厉害。）

Whenever he had a chance, our teacher would have a talk with us. 我们老师一有机会就同我们谈心。

(3)表示现在的行为，但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉客气。常用的动词有wonder，want，hope，think等。例如：

I wondered whether you could give me a hand.（您可否帮我一下呢？） I hoped you would lend me some money.（我希望您能借点钱给我。） 3.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示某一已完成的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。而一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在没有关系。比较：

He has lived in Beijing since liberation.（以来他一直住在北京。） （说明他现在仍在北京） He lived in Beijing before liberation. （前他住在北京。） （不知道现在是否还住在北京） We have visited a power station（我们参观了一个发电站。）（说明现在对发电站有所了解） We visited a power station last week.（上周我们参观了一个发电站。）（只说明上周参观发电站这个事实）

He has gone back to his native town.（他回故乡去了。）

He went back to his native town last month（他上个月回故乡去了。）

（六）过去进行时 1.过去进行时的构成

过去进行时由“was( were) + 现在分词”构成。 2.过去进行时的用法

(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at the moment, at this time yesterday等连用。如：

I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang．（门铃响时，我正在洗澡。） It was raining heavily this morning. （今天上午雨下得很大。） This time yesterday, they were having lunch.

(2)表示过去反复发生的动作，常和always, frequently, continually 等词连用，带有赞美、厌烦等感情色彩。如：

She was always complaining of the difficulties． （她总在抱怨困难。） He was continually asking her questions.（他总是问她问题。）

(3) when 引导的从句表示一个短暂的时间点，谓语动词用一般过去时； while 引导的句子表示一段持续的时间，谓语动词用过去进行时。如： I was writing a letter when he came in.

Was she reading a book when you saw her?

The telephone rang while she was washing.

注：come, go, plan, expect, look forward to 等动词（词组）的过去进行时，有时表示本来打算做而实际没有做的事情。如：

He was coming to see me, but unfortunately he was ill.（他本打算来看我，但糟糕的是，他病了。） I was going to play tennis with you tomorrow. （我本打算明天跟你打网球的。） 3.过去进行时和一般过去时的区别

一般过去时表示在过去某一时间发生的动作，动作一般已经结束；而过去进行时表示过去某一具体时刻正在发生的动作，强调动作的持续性和未完成性。比较：

Bernard wrote a piece of music for his own wedding last night． （伯纳德昨晚为自己的婚礼写了一首曲子。）（已写完）

Bernard was writing a piece of music for his own wedding last night． （伯纳德昨晚在为自己的婚礼写曲子。）（尚未完成）

She waved her hand and went． （她挥挥手，然后走了。）（动作完成）．

She was waving her hand and was reluctant to leave．（她不停地挥着手，不愿意离开。）（动作持续）

（七）过去完成时 1.过去完成时的构成

过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成（had用于所有人称）。 2.过去完成时的用法

(1)表示过去的过去，即在过去某个时间或动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，常用于含有by, before, when, after, until等引导的短语或时间状语从句中。例如：

I had worked as a worker for five years before I became a teacher．

（在我成为教师之前，我已经当了五年的工人。）

By the end of last year, I had already learnt 5000 English words． （到去年年底，我已学会了5000个英文单词。）

The train had already left when I got to the station.（我赶到火车站时，火车已经开走了。） (2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended /thought / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词的过去式 + 不定式表示，即 hoped / planned „+ to do. 如： I had intended to meet you at the airport, but someone came to see me just when l was about to leave.

( 我本来要到机场去接你的，可在我出门时有人来看我.） I had wanted to lend you some money, but you didn't ask． (我本打算借你一些钱的，但你没开口。)

I hoped to see her again. （我曾希望再见到她。）

(3)用于“hardly „ when，no sooner „than”等句型中，表示“刚刚„„就，一„„就。”如：

Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain． （我刚刚到家，天就开始下起雨来了．

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded． (他们刚刚离开那幢建筑，一颗就爆炸了。)

(4)过去完成时还可用于“It was the first time that„”句型中。例如： It was the first time that I'd seen such a beautiful place． （那是我第一次见到这么美的地方。）

It was the first Hollywood film I had ever seen in America． （那是我在美国看到的第一部好莱坞电影。） 3.过去完成时和一般过去时的区别:

过去完成时表示的时间是“过去的过去”，一般都有相比较的动作和时间；而一般过去时表示的时间只是单纯的过去，没有时间的对比。例如：

When I got to the airport, the plane had already taken off. （当我赶到机场时，飞机已经起飞了。）

The plane took off five minutes ago．（飞机在五分钟前起飞了。） I went to bed after I had finished reading the interesting novel． （读完那本有趣的小说之后，我就上床睡觉了。）

He told me that Sony Corporation had bought Columbia Pictures for $5 billion．（他告诉我索尼公司花了50亿美元收购了哥伦比亚影业公司。） （八）过去完成进行时 1.过去完成进行时的构成

过去完成进行时由“had + been + 现在分词”构成。 2.过去完成进行时的用法

表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去另一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束。过去完成进行时必须以某一特定过去时间为前提，且强调动作的持续性。如：

The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.（电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。）

He had been living here before he went to Shanghai. （他去上海之前，一直住在这里。） Mary had been reading a novel before her mother came back from work． （玛丽在她妈妈下班之前一直在读一本小说。）

I finally got the computer that I had been longing for． （我终于得到了渴望已久的计算机。）

注：在否定句中，常用过去完成时代替过去完成进行时。例如： They had not swum in the river for a long time． （他们很久没去那条河里游泳了。） （一般不用 they had not been swimming„）

Exercise 10

Ⅰ.选择填空

( )1.Thrugood Marshall______ practicing law in 1933.

A.began B.was begun

C.beginning D.be began

( )2.—Did you see a man in black pass by just now? —No, sir. I______a newspaper.

A.read B.was reading

C.would read D.am reading

( )3.The song had a melody that______like this. A.was gone B.went C.is to go D.had went

( )4.—Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya?

—Who_____it?

A.writes B.has written C.wrote D.had written

( )5.He________get to the bank at ten o'clock, but he was late. A.is intended B.intended to

C.is intending D.was intended to

( )6.Because Mr. Gleason worked only a month, the personnel director would not write a

recommendation for him even if he_________.

A.could ask B.asks C.asked D.will ask ( )7.—Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time? —Yes, since she________the Chinese Society.

A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined

( )8.If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it________all day.

A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining

( )9.Before becoming President in 1928, Herbert Hoover_______as Secretary of Commerce. A.has served B.was served C.had served D.serving

( )10.—I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening. —Impossible. She______TV with me in my home then.

A.watched B.had watched C.would watch D.was watching ( )11.At last he entered the university, for which he________several times. A.tried B.was trying C.had tried D.had been trying ( )12.I didn't meet Mary White at the party._______by the time I arrived.

A.She was left B.She'd left C.She's left D.She must leave

( )13. —Ouch ! You hurt me!

—I am sorry. But I______any harm. I_______to drive a rat out. A.didn't mean ;tried B.don't mean;am trying C.haven't meant;tried D.didn't mean;was trying

( )14.I came so early for lunch today because I thought the bell_________. A.had already rang B.already had rung C.has already rung D.had already rung ( ) 15.—Let's hurry. The president is coming.

—Oh, I was afraid that we_______.

A.already miss him B.will miss him already C.had already missed him D.have already missed him ( ) 16.He________,but I dived in and rescued him. A.was drowning B.had drowned C.drowned D.had been drowned

( ) 17.No one objected to Harry's presiding over the condominium owner's meeting; what

everyone________objecting to was his rudeness.

A.were B.have been C.was D.had been

( )18. Whenever we visited them, they_____television. A.have watched B.watch

C.had watched D.were watching

( )19.—My father will be here tomorrow. —Oh, I thought that he__________today. A.was coming B.is coming

C.will come D.comes

( )20.When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work,_______. A.his wife was sleeping B.his wife slept

C.his wife has slept D.his wife has been sleeping （九）一般将来时 1．一般将来时的构成

一般将来时由“shall( will) + 动词原形” 构成。 2.一般将来时的用法

(1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示将来时间的状语 tomorrow, next week, tonight, very soon等连用。例如：

They will fly to Beijing in three days.（他们三天后乘飞机去北京。） China will speed up its space exploration after the successful spacewalk. （中国在成功太空行走之后将加快太空探索的步伐。）

I shall go and see my sick aunt this weekend.（本周末我要去看我生病的阿姨。） (2)表示习惯性、规律性的动作。例如：

Work hard, and you will succeed.（好好学习，你就会成功。）

If you pour a cold liquid into a glass, water vapor will condense on the surface of the glass. （如果你向玻璃杯中倒入较冷的液体，空气中的水汽就会在玻璃杯的表面凝结。） 3.将来时的其他表示方法

(1)“be going to + 动词原形” 表示说话者明确打算好的事情、确信会发生的事，或有迹象表明将会发生什么事。例如：

I am going to buy a computer in a few days.（我打算过几天去买一台电脑。） I think they are going to win the match. 我想，（这场比赛他们会赢的。） The clouds are gathering! It's going to rain.（云在堆积，要下雨了。） (2) \"be( am, is, are) + 不定式”（ 表示安排好要发生或命令做什么。） ①表示预先安排好的计划或约定。如：

I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.

Premier Wen is to visit South Korea next month.（温总理定于下月访问韩国。） The football game is to be televised live tonight． （这场足球赛在今晚实况转播。）

②表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。如：

All the questions are to be answered at once. （所有的问题都必须立即回答。） We are to take care of all these children.（我们必须照顾所有这些孩子。） (3)“be about + 不定式” 表示正要或即将发生的动作。例如：

The basketball match is about to begin.（球赛就要开始了。） He is about to start on a journey. (他快要去旅行了。) (4)现在进行时表示将来时

表示按计划或安排将要发生的事或进行的动作。例如：

I'm leaving for Shanghai this afternoon.（今天下午我动身去上海。） We are having a class meeting tonight. （今晚我们开班会。） (5)一般现在时表示将来时

①在口语中，一般现在时常可表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的事情。例如： The train leaves at 8：15. （火车八点一刻开车。） When does the meeting start? （会议什么时候开始？）

②另外，在时间或条件从句中，一般用一般现在时表示将来的动作。例如： I'll give her the book when she comes.（她来时我会把书交给她。） （十）将来进行时 1.将来进行时的构成

将来进行时由“shall(will) + be + 现在分词”构成。 2.将来进行时的用法

(1)表示将来某个时刻正在进行或持续的动作。例如：

We will be visiting the Great Wall this time tomorrow． （明天这个时候我们将正在游览长城。）

I’ll be conducting a scientific experiment this June． (今年六月份我会进行一项科学试验。) (2)表示委婉的命令、询问、请求等。例如：

Will you be going to the movies with me tonight?

（你今晚愿意和我去看电影吗？）

You’ll be coming at six o'clock.（请你在6点钟来。） 3.将来进行时和一般将来时的区别

(1)一般将来时不仅表示“将来”，还可表示“意志、意愿”等。而将来进行时则只表示单纯的将来。比较：

I’ll try my best to work hard. （我将尽全力努力学习。）（表意愿） I'll be studying English next semester．（下学期我将会学英语。） （表单纯未来）

(2)一般将来时的动作发生在将来某个时间，而将来进行时的动作发生在将来某个具体的时刻。比较：

I’ll write a letter to my parents tomorrow. （明天我要给父母写封信。） I’ll be writing a letter to my parents this time tomorrow． （明天这时候，我会给父母写信。） （十一）将来完成时 1.将来完成时的构成

将来完成时由“shall(will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 2.将来完成时的用法

(1)表示在将来某时之前或某动作之前已经完成的动作。 例如：

I shall have finished writing the letter before supper．（晚饭之前我将把这封信写完。） We will have learned 5000 English words by the end of this term． （在本学期结束前，我们要学会5000个英语单词。） (2)表示对现在或将来可能已完成动作的推测。例如： She will have arrived by now.（她此时已经到了。）

It's eight o'clock. He will have got up.（8点钟了，他可能已经起床了。） （十二）过去将来时 1.过去将来时的构成

过去将来时由“should( would) + 动词原形”构成。 2.过去将来时的用法

(1)表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：

Grace told me that she would marry me the next year.（格雷丝告诉我她明年和我结婚。） I promised that I would be kind to her in the future.（我承诺将来我会对她好。） (2)表示过去的某种习惯性动作，一般只用would，不用should。例如：

Whenever she had trouble，she would turn to me for help.（每当她有困难时，她总会向我求助。） 3．过去将来时的其他表达方法

(1)“was( were) going to + 动词原形”。 (2)“was( were) to + 动词原形”。 (3)“was (were) about to + 动词原形”。 (4) 过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。例如：

Abraham was going to leave when you came.（亚伯拉罕打算在你来时就离开。） Mother told me that she was quitting office.（妈妈告诉我她正准备辞职。） （十三）将来完成进行时 1.将来完成进行时的构成

将来完成进行时由“shall( will) have been + 现在分词”构成。 2.将来完成进行时的用法

表示在将来某时、某事之前已在发生的动作，并且在一直延续下去。例如：

By the end of this year，I will have been teaching in Beijing Normal University for five years.（到年底，我已在北京师范大学教了5年了。）

It will have been raining for a whole week if it rains again tomorrow. （如果明天还下雨，雨就下了整整一周了。） （十四）过去将来完成时 1.过去将来完成时的构成

过去将来完成时由“would have + 过去分词”构成。 2.过去将来完成时的用法

表示从过去某个时间看，将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。例如：

Bogart said that he would have arrived by ten o'clock.（布加特说他在10点钟就会到达的。）She told me that she would have finished her homework before the teacher came. （她对我说在老师来之前，她就能把家庭作业完成了。） （十五）过去将来进行时 1.过去将来进行时的构成

过去将来进行时由“should( would) be + 现在分词”构成。 2.过去将来进行时的用法

表示从过去某一时间看，在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。例如：

She asked me what I would be doing when she came to see me the next day.（她问我当她第二天来看我的时候，我会在做什么。）

I said I would be playing computer games at home when she came. （我说当她来的时候我会在家玩电脑游戏。） （十六）时态的呼应

在一些主从复合句中，应特别注意从句的时态与主句谓语动词的时态一致。 1.名词性从句的时态呼应

（1）主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，从句的时态不受影响。例如： I know who broke the window.（我知道谁打碎了窗户。） I know who will be promoted.（我知道谁将得到提升。）

I will tell him that I broke the window.（我要告诉他，我打碎了窗户。） I will tell him that I'm thinking of sharing my apartment with him. （我准备告诉他，我正考虑让他和我共住我的公寓。）

（2）主句谓语动词如果是一般过去时，从句时态要用相应的过去时态。例如： I thought you were having a break now.（我还以为你们在休息。）

She said that she had already finished the homework.(她说她已经做完作业了。) 注：若从句有表示非常具体的过去的时间状语，则从句用一般过去时即可。 He told me he joined the Party in 1985.（他告诉我他是1985年入党的。）

（3）如果名词性从句是一个客观事实、普遍真理或是一个人或物经常性的特点，其从句谓语动词可保持原来的时态，即一般现在时态。例如：

I told my three-year-old brother that the sun is bigger than the earth. （我告诉我3岁的弟弟，太阳比地球大。）

Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. （广告商多年前就发现我们都喜欢免费的东西。） 2.状语从句的时态呼应

（1）状语从句的时态可根据需要来选定。如：

The secretary always leaves as soon as her boss goes home.（这位秘书通常是老板前脚走，她后脚就离开。）

She’ll tell you when you are having lunch. （她将在你 I’d like the book back when you have finished it. （2）原级和比较级结构中从句时态不受主句时态影响。例如： She did the work as well as I did.（她做的和我做的一样好。） She did the work as well as l will do.（她做的和我将要做的一样好。） She did the work as well as I have already done. （她做的和我已经做过的一样好。）

He is more hardworking than you are.（他比你勤奋。）

He is more hardworking than you were in your childhood.（他比你小时候勤奋。）

Exercise 11

Ⅰ. 选择填空

( )1.By the time you get to San Francisco tomorrow, I_______for Southeast Asia. A.shall have left B.will leave C.am leaving D.have already left

( )2.—Is this the last exam we have to take?

—Yes, but there______another test three months from now. A.will have been B.will be

C.is D.was

( )3.If their marketing plans succeed, they______their sales by 20 percent. A.will increase B.have been increasing C.have increased D.would be increasing

( )4.—Exams will start in a week. —I know. I_____all the weekend. A.will be studying B.study

C.studied D.have been studying

( )5.Look at these clouds. ___________.

A.It'll rain B.It's going to rain C.It rains D.It is raining

( )6.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you______ advertisements showing happy

families.

A.will often see B.often see C.are often seeing D.have often seen

( )7.—I have to go under any circumstances.

—If you do follow my advice, I______ you.

A.don't punish B.would to punish

C.would punish D.won't punish

( )8.Unless economic conditions improve next year,________widespread unrest in the United

States.

A.there would be B.there should be C.there is D.there will be

( )9.If he didn't promise it yesterday, still he_______it tomorrow. A.would not promise B.should not promise C.will not promise D.could not promise

( )10.Henry will not be able to attend the meeting tonight because_______.

A.he must to teach a class B.he will be teaching a class C.he will teach a class D.he will have teaching a class

( )11.My father told us that he_________for Italy the next Monday.

A.was leaving B.is leaving C.is going to leave D.left

( )12.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt_____for London to attend a meeting.

A.will leave B.leaves C.will have left D.left

( )13.I have to ring him up first. Can you wait a few minutes? It______long. A.won't be taking B.isn't taking C.doesn't take D.won't take

( )14.The street lights______on when night falls.

A.will be B.have been C.would be D.are

( )15.I heard that Rose_______here this weekend. Do you know when she_______.

A.will come; would arrive B.would come; will arrive C.has come; comes D.had come; came

Ⅱ. 用动词的适当形式填空

1.—No, I'm not going away for the weekend, I'm staying at home. I______( start) building

my garage.The bricks have come at last.

—_______you________(do)it all by yourself?

—No, my nephew_______(help)me. I suggested it to him yesterday and he was quite enthusiastic（热情的）．

2.He asked me what I______(do)when he came to see me at 9:00 the next day.

3.Ladies and gentlemen, my friends and I_______( present) you with a puzzling problem. We would like each of you to try to solve it.So please pay attention to the next few minutes. 4.—Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? .

— Yes, we do. We______(camp)out and_______(cook) our own meals, so we have to carry a lot.

5.Peter said that he_______(arrive)by ten o'clock. 6.—Here are the matches; but what do you want them for?

—I_______(make)a bonfire(篝火)at the end of garden; I want to burn that big heap of rubbish. —Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it_______(burn) the apple trees. 7.—Where are you off to with that ladder?

—I_______(have) a look at the roof; it's leaking and I think a tile has slipped. 8.When Concord(协和式客机)_______(come) into service, the journey from New York to London ______(take) only three hours twenty minutes. 9.—Dad,______we______(go) to see the pandas tomorrow? —I'm afraid we can't.

—Why not? You_______(promise)last week that we______(go)to the zoo this Sunday. —But I______(work)in the office tomorrow.

lO.Come back in an hour.I_______ (do) my packing by then and we'll be able to have a talk.

二、被动语态

概说

根据句子主语与谓语动词关系的不同，英语句子可分为主动语态和被动语态两种类型。所谓主动语态，就是指句子主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态则指的是句子主语是动作的承受者。换句话说，如果动作由主语去执行，那么就用主动语态，此时主语与动作之间为主谓关系；如果动作由主语去承受，那么就用被动语态，此时主语与动作之间存在逻辑上有动宾关系。 （一）构成与用法 1.构成方法

被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。不同时态的被动语态如下表：

时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去将来时 2.用法举例

The information is stored on the computer. （资料存在电脑上。） Rome was not built in a day. （罗马不是一天建成的。）

He will be asked to speak at the meeting. （他将被邀请在会上发言。）

结构形式 am /is / are done was / were done will /shall be done am / is /are being done was / were being done have / has been done had been done would / should be done I think we are being followed. （我想我们被人跟踪了。） He was being interviewed at 10. （他10点钟时正在接受面试。） The cake has been eaten. （蛋糕被吃掉了。）

It was the first time he had been bitten by a dog. （这是他第一次被狗咬。） He knew he would be punished or it. （他知道他会为此受到惩罚。） 3.含有情态动词的被动语态

被动语态有时可与情态动词连用，构成“情态动词+be+过去分词”这样的形式。英语中比较常用的情态动词有can, could, may, might, should, must, need等。如： This can be discussed later. （这可以以后再讨论。） The road may be blocked. （这条路可能不通过。）

All the invitations must be sent out today. （所有请帖必须今天发出。） 有时情态动词也可能是否定式。如： He can’t be understood. （他让人无法理解。）

The second point needn’t be discussed today. （ 第二点今天不必讨论。） （二）变被动语态的方法 1．基本方法

将主动语态变为被动语态的方法可分为三步：第一步是把主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语；第二步

是把主动句的谓语变成“be +过去分词”，be 时态要与原句保持一致；第三步是把主动句的主语变为by的宾语，放在被动句的谓语之后，by短语可以省略。如：

Mary broke the cup. （玛丽打破了杯子。）

The cup was broken by Mary. （杯子是玛丽打破的。）

2．双宾语动词变被动语态

如果一个动词带有双宾语，在变为被动语态时，可将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但通

常是将间接宾语变为主语。如：

He gave me a book yesterday. （昨天他给了我一本书。） I was given a book by him yesterday. （昨天由他给了我一本书。）

A book was given (to ) me by him yesterday. （ 昨天一本书由他给了我。）

若把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则通常要在间接宾语（指人）前加上适当的介词。按英语习惯，

在bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take, tell等动词后通常用介词to 来引出间接宾语，在build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, , get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等动词后通常用介词for来引出间接宾语。如：

I bought her a dictionary. （我给她买了本词典。） A dictionary was bought for her. （买了本词典给她。）

由于某些动词与介词是习惯搭配，既不用by也不用for，而用别的介词。如： People all over the world know the Great Wall. （全世界的人都知道长城。） The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. （长城为全世界的人所熟知。）

3．复合宾语动词变被动语态

如果一个动词后带的是复合宾语（宾语+宾补），若需将其变为被动句，其方法是：把主动句中的宾

语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。如：

They chose Tom captain. （他们选汤姆为队长。） Tom was chosen captain. （汤姆被选为队长。）

I found him lying on the floor. （ 我发现他躺在地板上。） He was found lying on the floor. （他被发现躺在地板上。）

注意：

在主动语态中，用于动词see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等后作宾语补足语的动词

不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后要加上to。如：

People saw him enter the building. （人们看见他走进大楼。） He was seen to enter the building. （有人看见他走进大楼。） （三）主动表被动

所谓主动表被动，就是指用主动语态的形式表示被动语态的意义。适合这类用法的动词主要有以下

几类；

1．feel类

以feel为代表的表示“„„起来”的连系动词，如feel, look, sound, smell, taste等，尽管它们从汉语

角度来看含有被动意味，但它们只能用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The water feels warm. （水摸起来很暖和。） The dish smells good. （这道菜闻起来很香。） 2．open类

以open为代表的一类动词，如open, close, shut, lock, move等，它们即可以用作及物动词，也可以

用作不及物动词，当它们用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义，此时通常与can’t, won’t等连用。如：

It can’t move. （它动不了。）

The windows wouldn’t open. （窗子打不开了。） 注意这类用法与用被动语态含义的区别。如： The door won’t shut. （这门关不上。） The door won’t be shut. （这门不用关了。）

第一句用的是主动形式表示被动意义，它强调的是主语的属性，即门本身有问题，没法关上；第二

句直接用了被动语态，它不强调主语的属性，而只是客观地传达一种信息，即门是不用关上的，这与门本身有没有问题无关。

3．read类

以read为代表的一类动词，如read, write, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry, handle等，它们既可以用

作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词，当它们用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义，此时通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly, properly等副词连用。如：

The cloth washes well. （这种面料好洗。） The book sells quickly. （这书销售得快。） Cheese cuts easily. （奶酪很好切。）

注意这类用法与用被动语态含义的区别。如： This car handles well. （ 这部车很好控制。）

This car was handled well. （ 这部车被控制得很好。）

第一句用的是主劝形式表示被动意义，它强调的是主语的属性，即车子本身具备良好的控制性，很

容易控制；第一句直接用了被动语态，它不强调主语的属性，而只是客观地传达一种信息，即车子被控制得很好，与车子本身的性能无关。

4．begin类

以begin为代表的一类动词，如begin, start, finish, end, fill, catch等，当主语为事物且不强调动作的

执行者时，可用主劝语态表示被动意义。如：

When does the concert begin? （ 音乐会时候开始？） The play ended at ten o’clock. （戏10点钟结束。） My skirt caught on a nail. （我的裙子被钉子钩住了。） Soon the house filled with people. （很快房子里就挤满了人。）

Exercise 12

Ⅰ.把下列各句改为主动语态和被动语态

1.The world major economies are striving to find solutions to the financial turmoil(困境)because of the worldwide financial crisis in 2008. 2.The customs officers requested us to show our passports. 3.It was impossible that the work was done by her alone. 4.Have you heard anything about him lately? 5.Did they give you anything?

6.They will take action against the careless driver.

7.We have already told him to report for duty (签到)at 8:00 a.m. 8.These goods may be confiscated by the customs authorities. 9.English is spoken all over the world.

10.We did not see many islands during the voyage. 11.I was ordered to stay in bed by the doctor.

12.The police inspector asked me where I had found the wallet. 13.The examination report will be sent to you next week. 14.They will inform you of the matter from time to time. 15.No hawkers (小贩) will be allowed to sell near the park.

Ⅱ.选择填空

( )1.If poisons like DDT______to control insects, there will be serious environmental

repercussions (负面影响)

A.use B.uses C.are used D.used （ )2.The New York Times_______a prestigious paper.

A.it is considered B.which is

C.is considered D.which is considered

( )3.Automatic machines can only do the jobs they______to do．

A.ask B.have asked C.have been asked D.will ask

( )4.—Your radio doesn't work.

—Yes, it does. The plug_______.Just plug it in.

A.isn't connecting B.hasn't connection C.doesn't connect D.isn't connected

( )5.The construction of the laboratory________before the end of next month. A.must complete B.must be completed

C.must have completed D.must have been completed

( )6.Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing

them______taken in the past.

A.was not B.were not

C.were not being D.being not

( )7.They_____so that we wouldn't recognize them.

A.disguise B.were disguising C.disguised D.were disguised

( )8.I would very much like to have gone to the party but I_______.

A.am not invited B.shall not be invited C.am not being invited D.was not invited

( )9.The new type of machine is going to______the year after next. A.turn out B.have turned out C.turning out D.be turned out

( )10.Many doctors believe cures for many forms of cancer______soon.

A.will discover B.will be discovered

C.they will be discovered D.have been discovered ( )11.The secretary opened the mail which______that morning.

A.had delivered B.had been delivered C.delivered D.is delivered

( )12.Some form of physical education______by all people and nations.

A.has been practiced B.practiced

C.which practiced D.having been practiced

( )13._______that India's annual harvest takes 18. 5 million tons of nutrients from the

soil.

A.It has estimated B.Has been estimated

C.It has been estimated D.It has being estimated

( )14.A candidate for the post_______at the moment.

A.is interviewing B.being interviewing C.is being interviewed D.interviewed

( )15.Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work______.

A.was been improved B.were being improved C.was being improved D.had been improved

( )16.Owing to the rainy day, the football match_______. A.has been putting off B.has put off

C.put off D.has been put off

( )17.Such problems as air and water pollutions_______as soon as possible.

A.have solved B.have been solving C.have to solve D.have to be solved

( )18.The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front______to arrive.

A.is expected B.is expecting

C.expects ; D.will be expected

( )19.It is a very important law in physics that energy can be neither created nor ______.

A.destroyed B.destroy C.destroying D.being destroyed

( )20.I like these English songs and they_______many times on the radio.

A.taught B.have taught C.are taught D.have been taught

Ⅲ.指出下列各句中的错误并改正

1.It estimated is that only about thirty percent of our planet’s surface consists of A B C D

land.

2.The tradition of an all-male Supreme Court was broke in the 1480’s when Sandra Day

A B C

O’Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court D

3.The St.Lawrence Seaway, which runs between British Columbia and New York, has completed A B by the United States and Canada in 1959. C D

4.Painter Joshua Johnston was depicted his portrait subjects with enormous warmth and A B C sensitivity.

D

5.For the first time the unpopular regulations were temporarily suspension during the

A B C D

week-long celebration.

6.The ceremony of marriage in the United States can be performed from a justice of the A B C D peace.

7.Lincon reached Washington at six o’clock on February 23, but word of his arrival was A B C keep secret until after the train from Harrisburg had reached Baltimore. D

8.When birds are molting, normally once or twice a year, they can seen much less often.

A B C D

9.A stain which has first been soaked in solvent can then easily removed by adding water

A B C

which has been distilled. D

10.Transformational grammar is a system of precisely describing the rules that determine A B

all the sentences that can possibly be to form in any language. C D