鹰击长空—基础不丢
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。 一）助动词
助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下： 1、助动词be的用法如下： 1）构成各种进行时态。如： It was raining all day yesterday. 昨天整天下雨。 2）构成被动语态。如：
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon. 会议是昨天下午举行的。
3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如： They are to see an English film this evening. 他们今天晚上看英语电影。 2、助动词do的用法如下： 1）构成疑问式或否定式。如： Does he think so?
I didn't say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为\"的确，确实\"。如： They do study hard. She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：
He has lived here for three years. As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend. She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二）情态动词
情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语 1、 can, could
1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能）
此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。 I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。如： He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -----Can I go now?
----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,
might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。 ---- Could I come to see you tomorrow? ---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。 They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This can’t be done by him. How can this be true?
2、 may, might
1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t 或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。 ----Might/ May I smoke in this room? ---- No, you mustn’t.
---- May/Might I take this book out of the room? ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
用May I...？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I...？在口语中更常见。 2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May you succeed!
3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。 might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。
1．He may /might be very busy now.
2．Your mother may /might not know the truth.
3、 must, have to ,need 1) 表示必须、必要。 You must come in time.
在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn’t（禁止，不准），而用needn’t, don’t have to（不必）.
---- Must we hand in our exercise books today? ---- Yes, you must.
---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.
2) must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。
he play isn’t interesting, I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age.
3) 表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）
You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. Your mother must be waiting for you now.
4) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。
1．You needn’t come so early. 2. ---- Need I finish the work today? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. 三）系动词 系动词的种类
系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.
2、表示感觉的系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.
感官动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at; hear; listen to的用法归: 1) 后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作
When you go to watch the football match, you will enjoy seeing the Chinese football team win. 2) 后接V-ing形式表示正在进行的动作。
Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy. Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast. 3) 后接V-ed形式表示被动意义。
After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed.
Although I had learnt some English, I had never heard a word of it spoken. 试比较（注意理解）:
I heard him sing a song. 我听他唱了一首歌（指自始至终整个过程）。 I heard him singing a song. 我听见他正在唱歌唱（指当时动作的某个片断）。 I heard a song sung. 我听见（有人）唱歌（逻辑主语“歌”与“唱”是被动关系。）
3、表示转变的系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如： She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四）行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。 1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如： My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me. 2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：
He only worried about his daughter.
【拓展】延续性动词与瞬时性动词的用法
1. 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间”状语连用。但: come/ begin/ get + to + 延续性动词可表示一瞬间的动作。(“点时间”指具体某一时间点;“段时间”指某一时间内.) It rained at eight yesterday morning. (误)
因为rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示\"点时间\"，前后矛盾。 It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. (正) ----When did you get to know Jack? ----Two years ago. ----Then you've known each other for more than two years.
----That's right.
2. 瞬时性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间”(从句谓语动词用瞬时性动词)，也可以是“段时间”(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词一般只能用延续性动词。
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词; when不可用while替换.)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语) I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.
3. 瞬时性动词的完成时态，表示动作的完成并产生了影响与结果。但一般不能与表示延续的时间段短语“for„”或“since„”以及“How long …”连用，瞬时动词否定式除外。 He has joined the League. 他已经入团。
→He has been a League member for three years. →He has been in the League for three years.
The old man died 4 years ago.
→The old man has been dead for 4 years. →It is 4 years since the old man died.
→Four years has passed since the old man died.
I bought the book 5 days ago. →I have had the book for 5 days.
4.注意句型
(1) “It is ＋一段时间＋since从句(+ 瞬时性动词的过去时)”
“一段时间＋has passed＋since从句( + 瞬时性动词的过去时)”: 句子的含义是: “自从…起, 有……(多长的时间)”。
如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时，那么与其一般过去时的含义就完全相反了。 注意比较理解:
I have been at school since I have been ill. 我生病以来一直在学校里。
I have been at school since I was ill. 我病愈以来一直在学校里。 It’s 4 years since Mr Li smoked. 李先生戒烟已有四年了
It is four months since my elder sister went to Britain.我姐姐去英国已有四个月了。
More than three years has passed since Mary came to China. 玛丽来中国已有三年多了。
(2) “not + 终止性动词 + until/till ...” 意为“直到„„才„„”。 “延续性动词 + until /till…”表示：“…一直延续到….” I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. I won’t leave till my parents come back.
I didn’t receive the notice until last evening. We worked until 11:00 yesterday evening.
【补充】瞬时性动词与延续性动词的转换
borrow→keep buy→have become→be put on→ wear move to→live in recognize→know catch a cold→have a cold get to know→know
open sth→keep sth open leave→be away from begin/start→be on die→ be dead finish→be over return→be back
join→be in + 组织机构 / →be a member of + 组织机构
come here→be here go there→be there come back→be back fall asleep→be asleep get to/arrive/reach→be (in) go (get) out →be out fall ill→be ill get up→be up
突飞猛进—过手训练
1. Harry is older than I. But he _______ younger than I. A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking 2. This kind of cake tastes _______.
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
3. The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______. A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad 4. Coffee is ready. How nice it _______! Would you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels 5. In winter the days _______ colder and colder. A. gets B. getting C. got D. get
6. Mr Wang ____ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn’t B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t 7. -Must I stay at home, Mum? --No, you ______.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. don’t D. may not 8. -Can you go swimming with us this afternoon?
--Sorry, I can’t. I ____ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill. A. can B. may C. would D. have to
9. -May I go to the cinema, Mum? --Certainly. But you _____ be back by 11 o’clock. A. can B. may C. must D. need
10. To make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into the river. A. needn’t be thrown B. mustn’t be thrown C. can’t throw D. may not throw
